The role of antecedent groundwater heads in controlling transient aquifer storage and flood peak attenuation in karst watersheds     

Patricia Spellman  Jason Gulley  Jonathan B. Martin  Jeremy Loucks 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):77-87

Transient storage of floodwaters in aquifers is known to attenuate peak flows in rivers and drive subsurface dissolution. Transient aquifer storage could be enhanced in watersheds overlying karst aquifers where caves facilitate surface and groundwater exchange. Few studies, however, have examined controls on, or magnitudes of, transient aquifer storage or flood peak attenuation in karstic watersheds. Here we evaluate flood peak attenuation with multiple linear regression analyses of 10 years of river and groundwater data from the Suwannee River, which flows over the karstic upper Floridan aquifer in north-central Florida and experiences frequent flooding. Regressions show antecedent river stage exerts the dominant control on magnitudes of transient aquifer storage, with recharge and time to peak having secondary controls. Specifically, low antecedent stages result in larger magnitudes of transient aquifer storage and thus greater flood attenuation than conditions of elevated antecedent stage. These findings suggest subsurface weathering, including cave formation and enlargement, caused by transient aquifer storage could occur on a more frequent basis in aquifers where groundwater table elevation is lowered due to anthropogenic or climatic influences. Our work also shows that measures of groundwater table elevation prior to an event could be used to improve predictive flood models. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nonlinear analysis of masonry structures using fiber-section line elements     

Matteo Peruch  Enrico Spacone  Guido Camata 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(12):1345-1364

For seismic analysis of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings characterized by a box-like behavior, a widely accepted model is based on the equivalent frame idealization of walls. The equivalent frame model uses 1D elements to represent the vertical piers and horizontal spandrels which are connected by rigid nodes. The mechanical characterization of the elements is one of the crucial aspects to predict reasonably the building seismic behavior. Through the comparison with pseudo-static and dynamic experimental tests performed on two-story full-scale buildings, this paper validates the frame modeling in the OpenSees framework, which includes a fiber-section force-based beam element for the axial-flexural behavior, coupled with a cyclic shear-deformation phenomenological law.  相似文献   

历史名人轨迹的空间可视化与分析     

王妮满  秦昆  罗俊  陈昆  胡圣 《地球信息科学学报》2020,22(5):978-988

历史名人的行为轨迹反映了当时的历史文化背景,通过历史名人行为轨迹的空间化和可视化,可以对历史社会状态进行探索和分析。对历史名人的社交关系网络进行可视化研究,有利于剖析当时的政治背景与人物关系。目前,基于GIS的空间人文社会科学深层次分析方法和工具还很少,根据地理位置对历史人物的社交网络进行分时段的研究也很少。本文以玄奘和欧阳修为例,探索了基于WebGIS的历史人物轨迹空间可视化分析方法,基于核密度估计与标准差椭圆的空间分析方法,分析历史名人轨迹点的空间分布特征,统计迁徙指数、首都距、家乡距、成长地距以分析基于距离的轨迹点移动特点;分时段构建了历史名人的空间社交网络,并结合历史背景、名人事迹、名人作品和空间化结果进行了综合分析。分析结果表明： ① 历史名人的迁移轨迹与当时的历史人口迁移趋势基本是一致的,受社会变动影响较大;② 历史名人在事业上升期有更大的社交网络圈,而在人生没落阶段社交网络圈减小。本文对历史名人轨迹的空间可视化与分析方法进行了探索,可以为空间人文社会科学相关领域的分析研究提供参考。  相似文献   

云南中甸-大具断裂上新发现的地震地表破裂带   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程理  苏刚  李光涛  尹功明  吴昊  余建强 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(4):797-809

中甸-大具断裂是川滇菱形块体的西南边界，总体走向310°—320°。近年来我们对该断裂进行了1:50000条带状地质填图，发现了断裂活动的地质地貌证据。其中，在丽江大具盆地内（金沙江右岸）沿断裂新发现一处典型地震地表破裂带，长约600m，宽120m左右，主要表现为地表挤压鼓包、挤压垄脊、张裂缝、挤压阶区等，呈NW走向，与中甸-大具断裂走向基本一致。野外工作中，我们详细记录和测量了地表破裂的破裂样式、破裂规模和相关定量数据，利用旋翼无人机测绘了地表破裂带的形态和展布，获得了高精度DEM，分析了地表破裂表现出的运动性质。在已有资料的基础上讨论了地表破裂的形成时代、归属、震级大小，简要分析了其发震断层。新地震地表破裂带的发现为进一步研究中甸-大具断裂活动特征、古地震及地震危险性提供了基础资料。  相似文献   

Clinoform architecture and along‐strike facies variability through an exhumed erosional to accretionary basin margin transition     

Miquel Poyatos‐Mor  George D. Jones  Rufus L. Brunt  Daniel E. Tek  David M. Hodgson  Stephen S. Flint 《Basin Research》2019,31(5):920-947

Exhumed basin margin‐scale clinothems provide important archives for understanding process interactions and reconstructing the physiography of sedimentary basins. However, studies of coeval shelf through slope to basin‐floor deposits are rarely documented, mainly due to outcrop or subsurface dataset limitations. Unit G from the Laingsburg depocentre (Karoo Basin, South Africa) is a rare example of a complete basin margin scale clinothem (>60 km long, 200 m‐high), with >10 km of depositional strike control, which allows a quasi‐3D study of a preserved shelf‐slope‐basin floor transition over a ca. 1,200 km² area. Sand‐prone, wave‐influenced topset deposits close to the shelf‐edge rollover zone can be physically mapped down dip for ca. 10 km as they thicken and transition into heterolithic foreset/slope deposits. These deposits progressively fine and thin over tens of km farther down dip into sand‐starved bottomset/basin‐floor deposits. Only a few km along strike, the coeval foreset/slope deposits are bypass‐dominated with incisional features interpreted as minor slope conduits/gullies. The margin here is steeper, more channelized and records a stepped profile with evidence of sand‐filled intraslope topography, a preserved base‐of‐slope transition zone and sand‐rich bottomset/basin‐floor deposits. Unit G is interpreted as part of a composite depositional sequence that records a change in basin margin style from an underlying incised slope with large sand‐rich basin‐floor fans to an overlying accretion‐dominated shelf with limited sand supply to the slope and basin floor. The change in margin style is accompanied with decreased clinoform height/slope and increased shelf width. This is interpreted to reflect a transition in subsidence style from regional sag, driven by dynamic topography/inherited basement configuration, to early foreland basin flexural loading. Results of this study caution against reconstructing basin margin successions from partial datasets without accounting for temporal and spatial physiographic changes, with potential implications on predictive basin evolution models.  相似文献   

中国企业R&D国际化:时空格局与区位选择影响因素     

胡曙虹  杜德斌  范蓓蕾 《地理研究》2019,38(7):1733-1748

基于中国企业海外R&D投资数据和零断尾负二项回归分析方法,探讨了1998—2015年中国企业R&D国际化的时空格局特征,并从东道国角度分析影响其区位选择的主要因素。结果表明：研究期内中国新建海外R&D机构数量快速扩张;海外R&D投资区域分布广泛,呈现分散和集聚并存的特征;以华为为例分析了典型中国企业海外R&D投资的空间布局特征,认为目前华为海外R&D投资呈现集中布局在欧洲,零散分布在亚洲、美洲、非洲的空间特征,主要是由其以全球技术升级和满足多样化的市场需求等R&D国际化的战略动机所决定。回归分析结果表明,中国企业对发达国家和发展中国家进行R&D投资的影响因素有共同点但也存在一定的差异：① 现阶段东道国的R&D需求不是影响中国企业对其进行R&D投资的主要因素;② 代表中国与东道国经济往来密切程度的关联要素是影响中国企业R&D投资的重要决策因素;③ 发达国家吸引中国企业对其进行R&D投资主要是因其创新能力强、R&D资源数量多,而政策及制度供给是影响中国企业对发展中国家进行R&D投资的主要因素;④ 地理距离对中国企业R&D“走出去”的阻碍作用主要体现在对发展中国家的R&D投资中。  相似文献   

文学地理学视野下香港文化认同     

张铃钰  叶浩威  安宁 《热带地理》2019,39(6):880-888

通过文本分析和档案分析的方法,立足文学地理学分析框架和研究范式,分析了香港70年代、过渡时期、后殖民时期三部文学界热门且公认具代表性的作品——《我城》《烦恼娃娃的旅程》和《后殖民食物与爱情》,解构了作品中“本土”“国家”和“全球”3个空间维度下再现的地理物象、空间想象、人物活动、地方文化,窥探其内部隐含的文化认同与身份意识问题。结果发现,由于香港社会历史和文化背景不断变迁等原因,香港的文化和身份意识处于不断重塑的状态。通过文本分析,发现香港文学作品中最早萌芽的是“本土”意识。西西的《我城》被认为是本土意识的发轫之作,其在港英政府和回不去的家这一夹缝中在“城”这一空间尺度上勾勒出浓浓的地方意识。其次,在中国恢复行使香港主权这一背景下,《烦恼娃娃的旅程》这一极具回归题材代表性的作品深刻地刻画了香港人在身份认同尺度升级过程中的迷惘。最后,也斯的《后殖民食物与爱情》通过“食物”为线索讲述了回归后的香港故事,为读者认识后殖民时期多元文化混杂下的香港社会提供了细致的观察。通过对三部文学作品的分析,发现港人经历了由殖民统治时期本土身份意识的觉醒以及对中国文化的归属,到回归过渡阶段身份意识的尺度升级及其不适,再到回归后多元文化的交织和协商,不仅在尺度上实现了由地方到国家再到全球化的身份意识塑造,而且在结构上存在中华文化、西方文化和香港本土文化不断协商与冲突的三重性。更为重要的是,通过文学地理视角的讨论,发现这样的文化和身份意识不是属于某个群体的特有特征,而是根植于香港社会的每一寸肌肤,不仅反映了小说作者对香港社会的细致观察,在一定程度上也反映了社会本身所面临的文化和身份困扰。  相似文献   

A review of fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology simulations     

Ning  Like  Zhan  Chesheng  Luo  Yong  Wang  Yueling  Liu  Liangmeizi 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(3):465-479

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The terrestrial hydrological process is an essential but weak link in global/regional climate models. In this paper, the development status, research hotspots and...  相似文献   

基于旅游开发影响的五台山植被景观特征分析     

牛莉芹  程占红 《地理研究》2019,38(5):1162-1174

以往旅游对植被影响的评价成果较多,但是旅游影响下植被景观与地理因子之间的关系报道较少。本文利用多种数量生态学方法探讨了五台山旅游开发与植被景观之间的生态关系。结果表明：① 旅游开发影响下五台山植被景观可分为单优乔木区、草本区、差级乔草区、中级乔草区、中级灌草区、良级灌草区、良级乔灌草区、优级乔灌草区、以及寺庙区、商业区或居民区9种类型。② 在除趋势对应分析中,第一轴与所有因子的相关性都较大,第二轴与旅游干扰度和海拔呈显著的负相关性。各植被景观类型的空间分布在一定程度上取决于关键性指标的空间格局。③ 除趋势典范对应分析方法能够大大提高植被景观特征与地理因子间的相关性,并将其直观地表达于排序图中。在植被景观特征与地理因子的关系上,第一轴上的相关系数是0.858_DCCA>0.828_DCA,第二轴上的相关系数是0.583_DCCA>0.501_DCA,这说明除趋势典范对应分析方法更优。  相似文献   

Evaluation of force-based and displacement-based out-of-plane seismic assessment methods for unreinforced masonry walls through refined model simulations     

Michele Godio  Katrin Beyer 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(4):454-475

The performance of force-based and displacement-based seismic assessment methods for the life-safety limit state check of out-of-plane loaded unreinforced masonry walls is evaluated on the basis of refined numerical simulations. For this purpose, a discrete element model of a vertically spanning wall is built and validated against experimental results from static and dynamic test conditions. The model is then analysed for a large range of wall configurations. For each configuration, a static pushover analysis and a series of incremental dynamic analyses are run, the latter permitting to determine the capacity of the wall under dynamic loading. The accuracy of the assessment methods in predicting the acceleration at which the walls collapse is evaluated. It is found that the displacement-based method is more accurate, robust, and safe than the force-based method. The comparison also shows that for walls characterised by a relatively high ratio of axial load to Euler's critical load, both assessment methods lead to an overestimation of the wall capacity. As a remedy, a modification to the methods based on a recently developed mechanical model is put forward and tested. For the force-based method, it is additionally suggested to set for walls with relatively high overburden ratios the behaviour factor equal to 1. To ensure reproducibility of this study, all input and output files of the numerical simulations are made publicly available.  相似文献